doc: Add "Build Systems" section.
* doc/guix.texi (Defining Packages): Add 'arguments' field in the example; update 'synopsis' and 'description'. Remove most of the description of 'build-system', and instead reference to the "Build Systems" node. Briefly describe 'arguments' field, and remove more elaborate description. Add cross-reference to "Packaging Guidelines". (Build Systems): New node. (Packaging Guidelines): Mention '--log-file'.master
Ludovic Courtès
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doc/guix.texi
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doc/guix.texi
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@ -1301,6 +1301,7 @@ package definitions.
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@menu
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* Defining Packages:: Defining new packages.
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* Build Systems:: Specifying how packages are built.
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* The Store:: Manipulating the package store.
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* Derivations:: Low-level interface to package derivations.
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* The Store Monad:: Purely functional interface to the store.
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@ -1332,9 +1333,10 @@ package looks like this:
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(sha256
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(base32 "0wqd8sjmxfskrflaxywc7gqw7sfawrfvdxd9skxawzfgyy0pzdz6"))))
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(build-system gnu-build-system)
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(arguments `(#:configure-flags '("--enable-silent-rules")))
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(inputs `(("gawk" ,gawk)))
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(synopsis "GNU Hello")
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(description "Yeah...")
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(synopsis "Hello, GNU world: An example GNU package")
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(description "Guess what GNU Hello prints!")
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(home-page "http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/")
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(license gpl3+)))
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@end example
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@ -1379,22 +1381,17 @@ Scheme expression to modify the source code.
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@item
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@cindex GNU Build System
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The @code{build-system} field is set to @var{gnu-build-system}. The
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@var{gnu-build-system} variable is defined in the @code{(guix
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build-system gnu)} module, and is bound to a @code{<build-system>}
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object.
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The @code{build-system} field specifies the procedure to build the
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package (@pxref{Build Systems}). Here, @var{gnu-build-system}
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represents the familiar GNU Build System, where packages may be
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configured, built, and installed with the usual @code{./configure &&
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make && make check && make install} command sequence.
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Naturally, @var{gnu-build-system} represents the familiar GNU Build
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System, and variants thereof (@pxref{Configuration, configuration and
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makefile conventions,, standards, GNU Coding Standards}). In a
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nutshell, packages using the GNU Build System may be configured, built,
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and installed with the usual @code{./configure && make && make check &&
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make install} command sequence. This is what @var{gnu-build-system}
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does.
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In addition, @var{gnu-build-system} ensures that the ``standard''
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environment for GNU packages is available. This includes tools such as
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GCC, Coreutils, Bash, Make, Diffutils, and Patch.
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@item
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The @code{arguments} field specifies options for the build system
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(@pxref{Build Systems}). Here it is interpreted by
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@var{gnu-build-system} as a request run @file{configure} with the
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@code{--enable-silent-rules} flag.
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@item
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The @code{inputs} field specifies inputs to the build process---i.e.,
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@ -1404,40 +1401,23 @@ variable; @var{gawk} is itself bound to a @code{<package>} object.
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Note that GCC, Coreutils, Bash, and other essential tools do not need to
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be specified as inputs here. Instead, @var{gnu-build-system} takes care
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of ensuring that they are present.
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of ensuring that they are present (@pxref{Build Systems}).
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However, any other dependencies need to be specified in the
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@code{inputs} field. Any dependency not specified here will simply be
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unavailable to the build process, possibly leading to a build failure.
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@end itemize
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There are other fields that package definitions may provide. Of
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particular interest is the @code{arguments} field. When specified, it
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must be bound to a list of additional arguments to be passed to the
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build system. For instance, the above definition could be augmented
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with the following field initializer:
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@example
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(arguments `(#:tests? #f
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#:configure-flags '("--enable-silent-rules")))
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@end example
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@noindent
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These are keyword arguments (@pxref{Optional Arguments, keyword
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arguments in Guile,, guile, GNU Guile Reference Manual}). They are
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passed to @var{gnu-build-system}, which interprets them as meaning ``do
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not run @code{make check}'', and ``run @file{configure} with the
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@code{--enable-silent-rules} flag''. The value of these keyword
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parameters is actually evaluated in the @dfn{build stratum}---i.e., by a
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Guile process launched by the daemon (@pxref{Derivations}).
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Once a package definition is in place@footnote{Simple package
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definitions like the one above may be automatically converted from the
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Nixpkgs distribution using the @command{guix import} command.}, the
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package may actually be built using the @code{guix build} command-line
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tool (@pxref{Invoking guix build}). Eventually, updating the package
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definition to a new upstream version can be partly automated by the
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@command{guix refresh} command (@pxref{Invoking guix refresh}).
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tool (@pxref{Invoking guix build}). @xref{Packaging Guidelines}, for
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more information on how to test package definitions.
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Eventually, updating the package definition to a new upstream version
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can be partly automated by the @command{guix refresh} command
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(@pxref{Invoking guix refresh}).
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Behind the scenes, a derivation corresponding to the @code{<package>}
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object is first computed by the @code{package-derivation} procedure.
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@ -1473,6 +1453,164 @@ Configure and Build System}).
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@end deffn
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@node Build Systems
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@section Build Systems
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@cindex build system
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Each package definition specifies a @dfn{build system} and arguments for
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that build system (@pxref{Defining Packages}). This @code{build-system}
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field represents the build procedure of the package, as well implicit
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dependencies of that build procedure.
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Build systems are @code{<build-system>} objects. The interface to
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create and manipulate them is provided by the @code{(guix build-system)}
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module, and actual build systems are exported by specific modules.
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Build systems accept an optional list of @dfn{arguments}. In package
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definitions, these are passed @i{via} the @code{arguments} field
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(@pxref{Defining Packages}). They are typically keyword arguments
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(@pxref{Optional Arguments, keyword arguments in Guile,, guile, GNU
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Guile Reference Manual}). The value of these arguments is usually
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evaluated in the @dfn{build stratum}---i.e., by a Guile process launched
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by the daemon (@pxref{Derivations}).
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The main build system is @var{gnu-build-system}, which implements the
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standard build procedure for GNU packages and many other packages. It
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is provided by the @code{(guix build-system gnu)} module.
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@defvr {Scheme Variable} gnu-build-system
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@var{gnu-build-system} represents the GNU Build System, and variants
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thereof (@pxref{Configuration, configuration and makefile conventions,,
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standards, GNU Coding Standards}).
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@cindex build phases
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In a nutshell, packages using it configured, built, and installed with
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the usual @code{./configure && make && make check && make install}
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command sequence. In practice, a few additional steps are often needed.
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All these steps are split up in separate @dfn{phases},
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notably@footnote{Please see the @code{(guix build gnu-build-system)}
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modules for more details about the build phases.}:
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@table @code
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@item unpack
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Unpack the source tarball, and change the current directory to the
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extracted source tree. If the source is actually a directory, copy it
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to the build tree, and enter that directory.
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@item patch-source-shebangs
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Patch shebangs encountered in source files so they refer to the right
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store file names. For instance, this changes @code{#!/bin/sh} to
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@code{#!/gnu/store/@dots{}-bash-4.3/bin/sh}.
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@item configure
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Run the @file{configure} script with a number of default options, such
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as @code{--prefix=/gnu/store/@dots{}}, as well as the options specified
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by the @code{#:configure-flags} argument.
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@item build
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Run @code{make} with the list of flags specified with
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@code{#:make-flags}. If the @code{#:parallel-builds?} argument is true
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(the default), build with @code{make -j}.
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@item check
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Run @code{make check}, or some other target specified with
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@code{#:test-target}, unless @code{#:tests? #f} is passed. If the
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@code{#:parallel-tests?} argument is true (the default), run @code{make
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check -j}.
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@item install
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Run @code{make install} with the flags listed in @code{#:make-flags}.
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@item patch-shebangs
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Patch shebangs on the installed executable files.
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@item strip
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Strip debugging symbols from ELF files (unless @code{#:strip-binaries?}
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is false), copying them to the @code{debug} output when available
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(@pxref{Installing Debugging Files}).
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@end table
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@vindex %standard-phases
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The build-side module @code{(guix build gnu-build-system)} defines
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@var{%standard-phases} as the default list of build phases.
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@var{%standard-phases} is a list of symbol/procedure pairs, where the
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procedure implements the actual phase.
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The list of phases used for a particular package can be changed with the
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@code{#:phases} parameter. For instance, passing:
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@example
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#:phases (alist-delete 'configure %standard-phases)
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@end example
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means that all the phases described above will be used, expect the
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@code{configure} phase.
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In addition, this build system ensures that the ``standard'' environment
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for GNU packages is available. This includes tools such as GCC, libc,
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Coreutils, Bash, Make, Diffutils, grep, and sed (see the @code{(guix
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build-system gnu)} module for a complete list.) We call these the
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@dfn{implicit inputs} of a package, because package definitions don't
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have to mention them.
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@end defvr
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Other @code{<build-system>} objects are defined to support other
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conventions and tools used by free software packages. They inherit most
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of @var{gnu-build-system}, and differ mainly in the set of inputs
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implicitly added to the build process, and in the list of phases
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executed. Some of these build systems are listed below.
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@defvr {Scheme Variable} cmake-build-system
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This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system cmake)}. It
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implements the build procedure for packages using the
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@url{http://www.cmake.org, CMake build tool}.
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It automatically adds the @code{cmake} package to the set of inputs.
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Which package is used can be specified with the @code{#:cmake}
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parameter.
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@end defvr
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@defvr {Scheme Variable} python-build-system
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This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system python)}. It
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implements the more or less standard build procedure used by Python
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packages, which consists in running @code{python setup.py build} and
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then @code{python setup.py install --prefix=/gnu/store/@dots{}}.
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For packages that install stand-alone Python programs under @code{bin/},
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it takes care of wrapping these programs so their @code{PYTHONPATH}
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environment variable points to all the Python libraries they depend on.
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Which Python package is used can be specified with the @code{#:python}
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parameter.
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@end defvr
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@defvr {Scheme Variable} perl-build-system
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This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system perl)}. It
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implements the standard build procedure for Perl packages, which
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consists in running @code{perl Makefile.PL PREFIX=/gnu/store/@dots{}},
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followed by @code{make} and @code{make install}.
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The initial @code{perl Makefile.PL} invocation passes flags specified by
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the @code{#:make-maker-flags} parameter.
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Which Perl package is used can be specified with @code{#:perl}.
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@end defvr
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Lastly, for packages that do not need anything as sophisticated, a
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``trivial'' build system is provided. It is trivial in the sense that
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it provides basically no support: it does not pull any implicit inputs,
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and does not have a notion of build phases.
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@defvr {Scheme Variable} trivial-build-system
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This variable is exported by @code{(guix build-system trivial)}.
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This build system requires a @code{#:builder} argument. This argument
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must be a Scheme expression that builds the package's output(s)---as
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with @code{build-expression->derivation} (@pxref{Derivations,
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@code{build-expression->derivation}}).
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@end defvr
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@node The Store
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@section The Store
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@ -2398,7 +2536,9 @@ called @code{gnew}, you may run this command from the Guix build tree:
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@end example
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Using @code{--keep-failed} makes it easier to debug build failures since
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it provides access to the failed build tree.
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it provides access to the failed build tree. Another useful
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command-line option when debugging is @code{--log-file}, to access the
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build log.
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If the package is unknown to the @command{guix} command, it may be that
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the source file contains a syntax error, or lacks a @code{define-public}
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